Dr. Brain is a series of educationalgames made by Sierra On-Line in the 1990s. The objective of each game is solving a series of puzzles in order to proceed further into the game. The series was later picked up by Knowledge Adventure who turned it into a more action-oriented game.

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The original two games, Castle of Dr. Brain (1991) and The Island of Dr. Brain (1992), are hybrid puzzle adventure games created by an in-house team at Sierra.^{[citation needed]} After the second game was released, Sierra acquired another company, Bright Star Technology, known for its educational games. The series was turned over to a Bright Star team, explaining the change in direction from the second game to the third.[1] The third and fourth are The Lost Mind of Dr. Brain (1995) and The Time Warp of Dr. Brain (1996).

Dr. Brain is an elderly absentminded professor. The first two Sierra games follow the Dr. Thaddeus Egghead Brain, and the last two follow Dr. Thaddeaus Puzzle Brain the Third. Dr. Brain was 'reincarnated' as Dr. Cranium in Quest for Glory IV (both Dr. Brain and Quest for Glory series are designed by Corey Cole, though Dr. Cranium mentions once that one of his descendants would get 'his very own game'.). The background information for Dr. Cranium in the Shadows of Darkness Hintbook written by Lori and Corey Cole states that Dr. T. Egghead Brain is Dr. Cranium's great-great grandson.

Other sequels[edit]

Knowledge Adventure later released four games based on the original series:

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• Dr. Brain Thinking Games: Puzzle Madness (1998) or Puzzleopolis - The first game turns Dr. Brain into a brain sitting in a jar, and casts the player as Dr. Brain's clone, Pro, fighting against the evil Con. The player plays mini-games which are logic orientated to gain devices to duel Con and his flunkies with.
• Dr. Brain Thinking Games: IQ Adventure (1999) or Mind Venture - The second game is a third-person adventure where the player has to find and use objects to restore a trans-dimensional device that has trapped him in a strange dimension filled with plant people and mole-men.
• Dr. Brain: Action Reaction - The third game is played in a first-person perspective, and the player and Dr. Brain have been kidnapped by S.P.O.R.E, an evil organization bent on world domination. Using the three laws of physics, switch flipping, rocket turrets, and the 'helping hand' to knock out guards, the player battles through 45 levels to capture the evil Dr. Craven.
• The Adventures of Dr. Brain - Dr. Brain travels through time and space to go on mission to defeat The Hench and his Henchmen. The Hench has dispersed Goopods and Goo Gords all throughout different time eras. You must go to the Industrial and Ancient time eras to destroy Goopods and battle Goo Gords!

^[1]The new series recast Dr. Brain as a twenty-something genius instead of an old mad scientist (though this may be explained by identifying the young man with Pro). In the newer games, there are generally less education-oriented and more problem-solving puzzles, although most are third or first person games involving throwing switches and stunning guards (IQ Adventure and Action Reaction).

References[edit]

1. ^http://www.jumpstart.com/customercare/game-manual/adventures-of-dr-brain

E (namede/iː/, plural ees)^[1] is the fifth letter and the second vowel in the modern English alphabet and the ISO basic Latin alphabet. It is the most commonly used letter in many languages, including Czech, Danish, Dutch, English, French, German, Hungarian, Latin, Latvian, Norwegian, Spanish, and Swedish.^{[2][3][4][5][6]}

• 2Use in writing systems
• 4Related characters

History[edit]

The Latin letter 'E' differs little from its source, the Greek letter epsilon, 'Ε'. This in turn comes from the Semitic letter hê, which has been suggested to have started as a praying or calling human figure (hillul 'jubilation'), and was probably based on a similar Egyptian hieroglyph that indicated a different pronunciation. In Semitic, the letter represented /h/ (and /e/ in foreign words); in Greek, hê became the letter epsilon, used to represent /e/. The various forms of the Old Italic script and the Latin alphabet followed this usage.

Use in writing systems[edit]

English[edit]

Although Middle English spelling used ⟨e⟩ to represent long and short /e/, the Great Vowel Shift changed long /eː/ (as in 'me' or 'bee') to /iː/ while short /ɛ/ (as in 'met' or 'bed') remained a mid vowel. In other cases, the letter is silent, generally at the end of words.

Other languages[edit]

In the orthography of many languages it represents either [e], [e̞], [ɛ], or some variation (such as a nasalized version) of these sounds, often with diacritics (as: ⟨e êéèëēĕěẽėẹęẻ⟩) to indicate contrasts. Less commonly, as in French, German, or Saanich, ⟨e⟩ represents a mid-central vowel /ə/. Digraphs with ⟨e⟩ are common to indicate either diphthongs or monophthongs, such as ⟨ea⟩ or ⟨ee⟩ for /iː/ or /eɪ/ in English, ⟨ei⟩ for /aɪ/ in German, and ⟨eu⟩ for /ø/ in French or /ɔɪ/ in German.

Other systems[edit]

The International Phonetic Alphabet uses ⟨e⟩ for the close-mid front unrounded vowel or the mid front unrounded vowel.

Most common letter[edit]

'E' is the most common (or highest-frequency) letter in the English alphabet (starting off the typographer's phrase ETAOIN SHRDLU) and several other European languages, which has implications in both cryptography and data compression. In the story 'The Gold-Bug' by Edgar Allan Poe, a character figures out a random character code by remembering that the most used letter in English is E. This makes it a hard and popular letter to use when writing lipograms. Ernest Vincent Wright's Gadsby (1939) is considered a 'dreadful' novel, and supposedly 'at least part of Wright's narrative issues were caused by language limitations imposed by the lack of E.'^[7] Both Georges Perec's novel A Void (La Disparition) (1969) and its English translation by Gilbert Adair omit 'e' and are considered better works.^[8]

Related characters[edit]

Descendants and related characters in the Latin alphabet[edit]

• E with diacritics: Ĕ ĕḜ ḝȆ ȇÊ ê Ê̄ ê̄ Ê̌ ê̌ Ề ềẾ ếỂ ểỄ ễỆ ệẺ ẻḘ ḙĚ ěɆ ɇĖ ė Ė́ ė́ Ė̃ ė̃ Ẹ ẹË ëÈ è È̩ è̩ Ȅ ȅÉ é É̩ é̩ Ē ēḔ ḕḖ ḗẼ ẽḚ ḛĘ ę Ę́ ę́ Ę̃ ę̃ Ȩ ȩ E̩ e̩ ᶒ^[9]
• ⱸ : E with notch is used in the Swedish Dialect Alphabet^[10]
• Æ æ : Latin AE ligature
• Œ œ : Latin OE ligature
• The umlaut diacritic ¨ used above a vowel letter in German and other languages to indicate a fronted or front vowel (this sign originated as a superscript e)
• Phonetic alphabet symbols related to E (the International Phonetic Alphabet only uses lowercase, but uppercase forms are used in some other writing systems):
  • Ɛ ɛ : Latin letter epsilon / open e, which represents an open-mid front unrounded vowel in the IPA
  • ᶓ : Epsilon / open e with retroflex hook^[9]
  • Ɜ ɜ : Latin letter reversed epsilon / open e, which represents an open-mid central unrounded vowel in the IPA
  • ɝ : Latin small letter reversed epsilon / open e with hook, which represents a rhotacized open-mid central vowel in the IPA
  • ᶔ : Reversed epsilon / open e with retroflex hook^[9]
  • ᶟ : Modifier letter small reversed epsilon / open e^[9]
  • ɞ : Latin small letter closed reversed open e, which represents an open-mid central rounded vowel in IPA (shown as ʚ on the 1993 IPA chart)
  • Ə ə : Latin letter schwa, which represents a mid central vowel in the IPA
  • Ǝ ǝ : Latin letter turned e, which is used in the writing systems of some African languages
  • ɘ : Latin letter reversed e, which represents a close-mid central unrounded vowel in the IPA
• The Uralic Phonetic Alphabet uses various forms of e and epsilon / open e:^[11]
  • U+1D07ᴇLATIN LETTER SMALL CAPITAL E
  • U+1D08ᴈLATIN SMALL LETTER TURNED OPEN E
  • U+1D31ᴱMODIFIER LETTER CAPITAL E
  • U+1D32ᴲMODIFIER LETTER CAPITAL REVERSED E
  • U+1D49ᵉMODIFIER LETTER SMALL E
  • U+1D4BᵋMODIFIER LETTER SMALL OPEN E
  • U+1D4CᵌMODIFIER LETTER SMALL TURNED OPEN E
  • U+2C7BⱻLATIN LETTER SMALL CAPITAL TURNED E^[12]
• ₑ : Subscript small e is used in Indo-European studies^[13]
• Teuthonista phonetic transcription system symbols related to E:^[14]
  • U+AB32ꬲLATIN SMALL LETTER BLACKLETTER E
  • U+AB33ꬳLATIN SMALL LETTER BARRED E
  • U+AB34ꬴLATIN SMALL LETTER E WITH FLOURISH

Ancestors and siblings in other alphabets[edit]

• 𐤄 : Semitic letter He (letter), from which the following symbols originally derive
  • Ε ε : Greek letter Epsilon, from which the following symbols originally derive
    • Е е : Cyrillic letter Ye
    • Є є : Ukrainian Ye
    • Э э : Cyrillic letter E
    • Ⲉ ⲉ : Coptic letter Ei
    • 𐌄 : Old Italic E, which is the ancestor of modern Latin E
      • ᛖ : Runic letter Ehwaz, which is possibly a descendant of Old Italic E
    • 𐌴 : Gothic letter eyz

Derived signs, symbols and abbreviations[edit]

• € : Euro sign.
• ℮ : Estimated sign (used on prepackaged goods for sale within the European Union).
• e : the symbol for the elementary charge (the electric charge carried by a single proton)
• ∃ : existential quantifier in predicate logic.
• ∈ : the symbol for set membership in set theory.
• ℯ : the base of the natural logarithm.
• ℇ : the Euler–Mascheroni constant.

Computing codes[edit]

¹Also for encodings based on ASCII, including the DOS, Windows, ISO-8859 and Macintosh families of encodings.

Other representations[edit]

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In British Sign Language (BSL), the letter 'e' is signed by extending the index finger of the right hand touching the tip of index on the left hand, with all fingers of left hand open.

References[edit]

1. ^'E' a letter Merriam-Webster's Third New International Dictionary of the English Language Unabridged (1993). Ees is the plural of the name of the letter; the plural of the letter itself is rendered E's, Es, e's, or es.
2. ^Kelk, Brian. 'Letter frequencies'. UK Free Software Network. Retrieved 2008-06-25.
3. ^Lewand, Robert. 'Relative Frequencies of Letters in General English Plain text'. Cryptographical Mathematics. Central College. Archived from the original on 2008-07-08. Retrieved 2008-06-25.
4. ^'Frequency of Occurrence of Letters in Spanish'. Santa Cruz Public Libraries. Archived from the original on 2008-05-11. Retrieved 2008-06-25.
5. ^'Frequency of Occurrence of Letters in French'. Santa Cruz Public Libraries. Archived from the original on 2008-03-12. Retrieved 2008-06-25.
6. ^'Frequency of Occurrence of Letters in German'. Santa Cruz Public Libraries. Archived from the original on 2012-06-28. Retrieved 2008-06-25.
7. ^Ross Eckler, Making the Alphabet Dance: Recreational Word Play. New York: St. Martin's Press (1996): 3
8. ^Eckler (1996): 3. Perec's novel 'was so well written that at least some reviewers never realized the existence of a letter constraint.'
9. ^ ^abcdConstable, Peter (2004-04-19). 'L2/04-132 Proposal to add additional phonetic characters to the UCS'(PDF).
10. ^Lemonen, Therese; Ruppel, Klaas; Kolehmainen, Erkki I.; Sandström, Caroline (2006-01-26). 'L2/06-036: Proposal to encode characters for Ordbok över Finlands svenska folkmål in the UCS'(PDF).
11. ^Everson, Michael; et al. (2002-03-20). 'L2/02-141: Uralic Phonetic Alphabet characters for the UCS'(PDF).
12. ^Ruppel, Klaas; Rueter, Jack; Kolehmainen, Erkki I. (2006-04-07). 'L2/06-215: Proposal for Encoding 3 Additional Characters of the Uralic Phonetic Alphabet'(PDF).
13. ^Anderson, Deborah; Everson, Michael (2004-06-07). 'L2/04-191: Proposal to encode six Indo-Europeanist phonetic characters in the UCS'(PDF).
14. ^Everson, Michael; Dicklberger, Alois; Pentzlin, Karl; Wandl-Vogt, Eveline (2011-06-02). 'L2/11-202: Revised proposal to encode 'Teuthonista' phonetic characters in the UCS'(PDF).

External links[edit]

• Media related to E at Wikimedia Commons
• The dictionary definition of E at Wiktionary
• The dictionary definition of e at Wiktionary

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